Molecular Detection of Lumpy Skin Disease Viruses and Development of ITK Based Herbal Therapy

Abstract

The livestock sector plays a vital role in the Indian economy, contributing significantly to agriculture and the overall gross domestic product. However, the industry faces challenges from an outbreak of Lumpy Skin Disease in several states of western Uttar Pradesh.Viral diseases, such as contagious lumpy skin disease caused by the contagious lumpy skin disease virus (LSDv), LSDv, a double-stranded DNA virus from the Poxviridae family, primarily affects ruminants, causing reduced milk production, skin nodules, infertility, and emaciation. The impact of the disease extends to economic losses, affecting meat and milk production, skin quality, and reproductive efficiency. Transmission is by arthropod vectors, and it thrives in conditions of high temperature, humidity, and rain. Historically, LSDv has spread globally, with India experiencing its first outbreak in 2019, raising concerns for the dairy and livestock sectors. This study aimed to develop herbal medicine for the treatment of LSD, combining traditional knowledge with modern science. The general approach involved virus isolation, molecular detection, histopathological examination, phylogenetic analysis, and in silico linkage studies. Samples from infected animals were collected, and LSDv was isolated using lamb testis (LT) cells. Phylogenetic analysis revealed the high similarity between the Meerut, India, LSDv isolate and the LSDv/India/2019/Ranchi, India, Nepal, Bangladesh, and Taiwan strains worldwide, suggesting a single circulating strain. Histopathological examinations have elucidated characteristic changes in various organs, expanding our understanding of the disease. In silico docking studies have identified ellagic acid as a promising antiviral compound. The integration of traditional herbal wisdom and modern techniques presented potential remedies. In addition, zinc oxide nanoparticles have been synthesized from Moringa oleifera for the comparative study as they are known for their small size large surface area and can absorb or degrade targeted A28 protein easily, which also show antiviral potential. This holistic approach promises to mitigate the economic and agricultural impacts of LSD. However, further in vitro and in vivo validation is essential. In conclusion, this research offers a comprehensive analysis of LSDv, from its isolation to possible cures. The study highlights the importance of holistic approaches that merge traditional knowledge with scientific advances. The results contribute to disease management, economic stability, and animal welfare. As LSDv continues to threaten livestock and economies, insights from this study pave the way for effective interventions and protective measures against future outbreaks.