Prevalance and Clinical Management of Anaplasmosis in Dairy Animals

Abstract

In India, the economic losses incurred due to ticks and tick-borne diseases are estimated around 498.7 million US dollar in India. Among these diseases, anaplasmosis causes significant mortality and morbidity among animals leading to a serious health problem in livestock and causing significant production losses. In the present study, the risk factors, molecular epidemiology, phylogenetic and matrix analysis and treatment using ITK of bovine anaplasmosis in cattle of Uttar Pradesh were analysed. Blood samples from 768 cattle were collected from western part of Uttar Pradesh, India for detecting the Anaplasma infection. The prevalence of bovine anaplasmosis was 61.58%. Analysis of prevalence of bovine anaplasmosis in dairy animals with respect to species, place, sex and age of animals revealed that the species, place and sex seems to influence the occurrence of Anaplasma infection in dairy animals, while age had no influence on the prevalence of bovina anaplasmosis in animals. The sequencing of 16S rRNA gene and the bioinformatic analysis of sequences revealed the existence of three different populations of Anaplasma spp. viz., Anaplasma marginale and two other Anaplasma spp. genetically related to Anaplasma capra and Anaplasma ovis circulating in the blood of infected cattle. All the field isolates of A. marginale from Uttar Pradesh, India were clustered in a single clade with others isolated from Iran, Brazil, Thailand and Israel, while A. capra isolates from India established in same clade of A. capra reported from Japan, China and South Korea. Search of literature revealed no reports of A. capra and A. ovis from cattle in India. To the best of author’s knowledge, this is the first report of Anaplasma capra and Anaplasma ovis from bovine in India and indicates the potential of cattle to serve as reservoirs of these pathogens leading to the requirements of further studies of these emerging zoonotic pathogen and their possible zoonotic potential. The present study based results confirmed the in vivo effects of cocktail of the three herbs against Anaplasma infection in cattle. The feeding of this herb cocktail in diets can be used for prevention and control of Anaplasma infection in ruminants, however still a large scale study and substantial research is required to elucidate the potential of anti-Anaplasma activity of present cocktail against other protozoans and also in other ruminant species